The sources behind our publications. Each entry says what it contributes and links the original. Where we hold a copy, copyrighted works open with a LightCell sign-in ●. US government reports are public domain and open to all.
W. F. Hug, C. M. Hains, C. J. Marlett — Spectra of alkali metal vapor and noble gas flashlamps
Absolute spectra, 0.4–1.3 µm, of pulsed and dc Cs, Rb, K, Na, Xe and Kr arcs at 100–800 Torr and 6–2800 A/cm². The basis of our traced data set: pulsed sodium at 535 A/cm² radiates 94% of its input in band.
J. J. de Groot, J. A. J. M. van Vliet — The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp
The standard reference. Power balance of commercial lamps (§2.5: 6% to electrodes, ~70% of the discharge power radiated). Radiant efficiency rises with wall loading, sodium pressure, buffer-gas pressure and a flatter temperature profile, reaching unity when plasma and wall temperatures meet (§4.2, §5.3). Fig. 3.21 shows trapped D-line energy escaping through far wings and Na₂ bands as power rises. Pulse-current operation in §7.2.
H. Schöpp, S. Franke — High-pressure sodium-vapor lamps
Modern review. Pulsed current makes mercury-free sodium lamps possible and shifts population to higher levels, raising blue output relative to the D lines.
M. He, R. J. Bruening — High pressure sodium discharge lamp characterization for use as standards of geometrically total luminous flux
Measured stability and spectral behavior of commercial sodium lamps as photometric standards. Useful for the dc calibration baseline.
J. C. Antón, C. Blanco, F. Ferrero, A. Martín, N. Bordel, G. Zissis, S. Bhosle — Acoustic resonance effects in high pressure sodium lamps
Sodium vapor pressure (from the self-reversal width) and lamp resistance against power, 15–85 W, at 50 Hz, 41 kHz and 100 kHz. Pressure rises with power.
J. A. Vilela Jr, A. J. Perin — Pulse modulation high-pressure-sodium arc
Drive electronics for pulsed sodium lamps, current stabilized by the plasma’s thermal inertia; pulsed operation for better color.
J. A. Vilela Jr, A. J. Perin — Pulse operation of HPS lamp in high-frequency modulation
Pulsed high-frequency operation of sodium lamps; peak-current and reignition behavior.
W. F. Hug et al. — Nonsteady model for pulsed arc discharge radiation sources
The same group’s model of pulsed arcs (Hug 1978, ref. 5). Should explain the gain from longer pulses. Not yet in our collection.
W. Bayha, J. Creedon, S. Schneider — Pulsed alkali-vapor lamps; alkali-vapor light sources as optical pumps for Nd:YAG
An independent lab’s pulsed Cs, Rb, K, Na and Na-Rb lamps. Na-Rb reached about twice xenon’s output efficiency in the Nd:YAG pump bands. Not yet in our collection (DTIC requires a browser download).
G. Hartel et al. — Pulsed alkali pump light sources for Nd:YAG lasers
Reports very high radiation efficiency for pulsed alkali discharges, about twice the excitation efficiency of rare-gas lamps. Not yet in our collection.
S. V. Gavrish et al. — Exploration of spectral and light characteristics of pulsed discharge in alkaline metal vapours
Modern measurements of pulsed Na, K, Rb, Cs and mixtures. The abstract gives no efficiencies; full text not yet in our collection.
N. C. Anderson — Laser pump lamps
Long-life continuous potassium and potassium-rubidium sapphire lamps for space Nd:YAG lasers: cathodes, fill, 6000-hour life. Relative radiant output only.
J. D. Foster, R. F. Kirk — Space qualified Nd:YAG laser (Phase I – design)
Pump-band radiation versus input for tungsten, krypton and potassium arc lamps, and the case for alkali lamps in space lasers.
K. B. Ward — Lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser (space-qualifiable, for optical communications)
Potassium-rubidium sapphire lamps for Nd:YAG pumping; fluorescence efficiency of alkali lamps versus krypton and tungsten.
D. Ham, M. A. DeFaccio — Solar pumped alkali vapor laser
Related: optically pumped sodium vapor and dimer kinetics.
J. H. Goncz, P. B. Newell — Spectra of pulsed and continuous xenon discharges
High-resolution xenon spectra; xenon becomes opaque in the visible near 5300 A/cm² (cited by Hug). The right comparison for pulsed sodium. Not yet in our collection.
W. Koechner — Solid-State Laser Engineering
Standard text; flashlamp spectra, loading and efficiencies for xenon and krypton.
D. Fan, T. Burger, S. McSherry, B. Lee, A. Lenert, S. R. Forrest — Near-perfect photon utilization in an air-bridge thermophotovoltaic cell
Air gap over a gold back reflector returns nearly all sub-bandgap light to the emitter. The basis of the cavity-recycling presets on our cell bench.
W. Shockley, H. J. Queisser — Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells
The detailed-balance limit our cell model reproduces (31.2% at 1.34 eV for a 5778 K blackbody).